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<meta name="description" content="进程与线程的关系 进程是操作系统资源分配的基本单位 线程是cpu调度和分配的基本单位 一个进程可以有多个线程 进程在执行过程中拥有独立的内存单元，而多个线程共享内存，从而极大地提高了程序的运行效率 线程的划分尺度小于进程，使得多线程程序的并发性高 线程的基本状态 新建状态（New）：当线程对象对创建后，即进入了新建状态，如：Thread t = new MyThread(); 就绪状态（Runn"> |
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<meta property="og:description" content="进程与线程的关系 进程是操作系统资源分配的基本单位 线程是cpu调度和分配的基本单位 一个进程可以有多个线程 进程在执行过程中拥有独立的内存单元，而多个线程共享内存，从而极大地提高了程序的运行效率 线程的划分尺度小于进程，使得多线程程序的并发性高 线程的基本状态 新建状态（New）：当线程对象对创建后，即进入了新建状态，如：Thread t = new MyThread(); 就绪状态（Runn"> |
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<h1 class="kratos-entry-title text-center">线程</h1> |
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<i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> 2021-01-30 |
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<i class="fa fa-folder"></i> 分类于 <a class="label-link" href="/categories/Java%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/">Java学习</a> |
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<i class="fa fa-user"></i> 作者 yongkj |
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~5.94K |
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字 |
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<ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">进程与线程的关系</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">线程的基本状态</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">线程创建方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">线程同步</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#volatile%E5%92%8Csynchronized%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">volatile和synchronized的区别</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#synchronized%E4%B8%8Elock%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%82%E5%90%8C"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">synchronized与lock的异同</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#sleep-%E5%92%8C-yield-%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">7.</span> <span class="toc-text">sleep() 和 yield() 的区别</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#sleep-%E5%92%8C-wait-%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">8.</span> <span class="toc-text">sleep() 和 wait() 有的区别</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E6%B1%A0"><span class="toc-number">9.</span> <span class="toc-text">线程池</span></a></li></ol> |
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</div> |
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<hr /> |
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<h3 id="进程与线程的关系"><a href="#进程与线程的关系" class="headerlink" title="进程与线程的关系"></a>进程与线程的关系</h3><ol> |
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<li>进程是操作系统资源分配的基本单位</li> |
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<li>线程是cpu调度和分配的基本单位</li> |
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<li>一个进程可以有多个线程</li> |
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<li>进程在执行过程中拥有独立的内存单元，而多个线程共享内存，从而极大地提高了程序的运行效率</li> |
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<li>线程的划分尺度小于进程，使得多线程程序的并发性高</li> |
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</ol> |
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<h3 id="线程的基本状态"><a href="#线程的基本状态" class="headerlink" title="线程的基本状态"></a>线程的基本状态</h3><ol> |
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<li><strong>新建状态（New）</strong>：当线程对象对创建后，即进入了新建状态，如：Thread t = new MyThread();</li> |
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<li><strong>就绪状态（Runnable）</strong>：当调用线程对象的start()方法（t.start();），线程即进入就绪状态。处于就绪状态的线程，只是说明此线程已经做好了准备，随时等待CPU调度执行，并不是说执行了t.start()此线程立即就会执行；</li> |
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<li><strong>运行状态（Running）</strong>：当CPU开始调度处于就绪状态的线程时，此时线程才得以真正执行，即进入到运行状态。注：就绪状态是进入到运行状态的唯一入口，也就是说，线程要想进入运行状态执行，首先必须处于就绪状态中；</li> |
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<li><strong>阻塞状态（Blocked）</strong>：处于运行状态中的线程由于某种原因，暂时放弃对CPU的使用权，停止执行，此时进入阻塞状态，直到其进入到就绪状态，才 有机会再次被CPU调用以进入到运行状态。根据阻塞产生的原因不同，阻塞状态又可以分为三种：</li> |
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</ol> |
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<ul> |
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<li>等待阻塞：运行状态中的线程执行wait()方法，使本线程进入到等待阻塞状态；</li> |
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<li>同步阻塞 – 线程在获取synchronized同步锁失败(因为锁被其它线程所占用)，它会进入同步阻塞状态；</li> |
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<li>其他阻塞 – 通过调用线程的sleep()或join()或发出了I/O请求时，线程会进入到阻塞状态。当sleep()状态超时、join()等待线程终止或者超时、或者I/O处理完毕时，线程重新转入就绪状态。</li> |
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</ul> |
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<ol start="5"> |
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<li><strong>死亡状态（Dead）</strong>：线程执行完了或者因异常退出了run()方法，该线程结束生命周期。</li> |
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</ol> |
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<h3 id="线程创建方式"><a href="#线程创建方式" class="headerlink" title="线程创建方式"></a>线程创建方式</h3><ol> |
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<li><strong>继承Thread类</strong></li> |
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</ol> |
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<p> 1）创建一个线程子类继承Thread类</p> |
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<p> 2）重写run() 方法，把需要线程执行的程序放入run方法，线程启动后方法里的程序就会运行</p> |
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<p> 3）创建该类的实例，并调用对象的start()方法启动线程</p> |
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<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">ThreadDemo</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title">Thread</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">run</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">super</span>.run();</span><br><span class="line"> System.out.println(<span class="string">"需要运行的程序。。。。。。。。"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> Thread thread = <span class="keyword">new</span> ThreadDemo();</span><br><span class="line"> thread.start();</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure> |
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<ol start="2"> |
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<li><strong>实现Runnable接口</strong></li> |
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</ol> |
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<p> 1）定义一个线程类实现Runnable接口，并重写该接口的run()方法，方法中依然是包含指定执行的程序</p> |
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<p> 2）创建一个Runnable实现类实例，将其作为target参数传入，并创建Thread类实例</p> |
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<p> 3）调用Thread类实例的start()方法启动线程</p> |
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<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">RunnableDemo</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> <span class="title">Runnable</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">run</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> System.out.println(<span class="string">"我是Runnable接口......"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> RunnableDemo demo = <span class="keyword">new</span> RunnableDemo();</span><br><span class="line"> Thread thread = <span class="keyword">new</span> Thread(demo);</span><br><span class="line"> thread.start();</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure> |
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<ol start="3"> |
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<li><strong>使用Callable和Future创建线程</strong> </li> |
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</ol> |
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<p> 1）创建Callable接口的实现类，实现call() 方法</p> |
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<p> 2）创建Callable实现类实例，通过FutureTask类来包装Callable对象，该对象封装了Callable对象的call()方法的返回值</p> |
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<p> 3）将创建的FutureTask对象作为target参数传入，创建Thread线程实例并启动新线程</p> |
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<p> 4）调用FutureTask对象的get方法获取返回值。</p> |
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<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">ThreadUtil</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> <span class="title">Callable</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> StudentService studentService;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title">ThreadUtil</span><span class="params">(StudentService studentService)</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.studentService = studentService;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> List<Student> <span class="title">call</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> Exception </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> List<Student> students = studentService.allStudentsList();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> students;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">ThreadTest</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> StudentService studentService = <span class="keyword">new</span> StudentService();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">testThread1</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 1.获取FutureTask对象</span></span><br><span class="line"> ThreadUtil threadUtil = <span class="keyword">new</span> ThreadUtil(studentService);</span><br><span class="line"> FutureTask futureTask = <span class="keyword">new</span> FutureTask(threadUtil);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 2.开启线程</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">new</span> Thread(futureTask).start();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">try</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 3.使用Futura#get()方法获取线程的返回值</span></span><br><span class="line"> List<Student> studentList = (List<Student>) futureTask.get();</span><br><span class="line"> studentList.forEach(student -> System.out.println(student));</span><br><span class="line"> } <span class="keyword">catch</span> (InterruptedException e) {</span><br><span class="line"> e.printStackTrace();</span><br><span class="line"> } <span class="keyword">catch</span> (ExecutionException e) {</span><br><span class="line"> e.printStackTrace();</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure> |
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<h3 id="线程同步"><a href="#线程同步" class="headerlink" title="线程同步"></a>线程同步</h3><ol> |
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<li>wait()：使一个线程处于等待状态，并且释放所持有的对象的lock。</li> |
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<li>sleep()：使一个正在运行的线程处于睡眠状态，是一个静态方法，调用此方法要捕捉InterruptedException异常。</li> |
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<li>notify()：唤醒一个处于等待状态的线程，注意的是在调用此方法的时候，并不能确切的唤醒某一个等待状态的线程，而是由JVM确定唤醒哪个线程，而且不是按优先级。</li> |
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<li>notifyAll()：唤醒所有处入等待状态的线程，注意并不是给所有唤醒线程一个对象的锁，而是让它们竞争。</li> |
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<li>yield()：暂停当前线程，以便其他线程有机会执行，不过不能指定暂停的时间，并且也不能保证当前线程马上停止。yield方法只是将Running状态转变为Runnable状态。</li> |
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<li>join()：父线程等待子线程执行完成后再执行，换句话说就是将异步执行的线程合并为同步的线程。</li> |
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<li>synchronized：Java中的关键字，是一种同步锁。用来修饰一个方法或者一个代码块的时候，能够保证在同一时刻最多只有一个线程执行该段代码。</li> |
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<li>volatile：保证了变量的可见性（visibility）。被volatile关键字修饰的变量，如果值发生了变更，其他线程立马可见，避免出现脏读的现象</li> |
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<li>lock：加锁限定线程间的互斥，保持线程同步实现线程安全</li> |
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</ol> |
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<blockquote> |
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<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/paddix/p/5381958.html">Java 并发编程：线程间的协作(wait/notify/sleep/yield/join)</a></p> |
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</blockquote> |
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<h3 id="volatile和synchronized的区别"><a href="#volatile和synchronized的区别" class="headerlink" title="volatile和synchronized的区别"></a>volatile和synchronized的区别</h3><ol> |
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<li><p>volatile本质是在告诉jvm当前变量在寄存器中的值是不确定的，需要从主存中读取,synchronized则是锁定当前变量，只有当前线程可以访问该变量,其他线程被阻塞住</p> |
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</li> |
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<li><p>volatile仅能使用在变量级别，synchronized则可以使用在变量、方法</p> |
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</li> |
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<li><p>volatile仅能实现变量的修改可见性，而synchronized则可以保证变量的修改可见性和原子性</p> |
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</li> |
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<li><p>volatile不会造成线程的阻塞，而synchronized可能会造成线程的阻塞</p> |
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</li> |
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<li><p>当一个域的值依赖于它之前的值时，volatile就无法工作了，如n=n+1,n++等。如果某个域的值受到其他域的值的限制，那么volatile也无法工作，如Range类的lower和upper边界，必须遵循lower<=upper的限制。</p> |
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</li> |
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<li><p>使用volatile而不是synchronized的唯一安全的情况是类中只有一个可变的域。</p> |
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</li> |
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</ol> |
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<h3 id="synchronized与lock的异同"><a href="#synchronized与lock的异同" class="headerlink" title="synchronized与lock的异同"></a>synchronized与lock的异同</h3><ol> |
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<li>Lock能完成synchronized所实现的所有功能</li> |
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<li>Lock有比synchronized更精确的线程语义和更好的性能。synchronized会自动释放锁，而Lock一定要求程序员手工释放，并且必须在finally从句中释放，否则会引起死锁。</li> |
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<li>synchronized既可以加在方法上，也可以加载特定代码块上，而lock需要显示地指定起始位置和终止位置。</li> |
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<li>synchronized是托管给JVM执行的，lock的锁定是通过代码实现的，它有比synchronized更精确的线程语义。</li> |
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<li>lock接口的实现类ReentrantLock，不仅具有和synchronized相同的并发性和内存语义，还多了超时的获取锁、定时锁、等候和中断锁等。</li> |
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<li>在竞争不是很激烈的情况下，synchronized的性能优于ReentrantLock，竞争激烈的情况下synchronized的性能会下降的非常快，而ReentrantLock则基本不变。</li> |
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</ol> |
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<h3 id="sleep-和-yield-的区别"><a href="#sleep-和-yield-的区别" class="headerlink" title="sleep() 和 yield() 的区别"></a>sleep() 和 yield() 的区别</h3><ol> |
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<li>sleep()方法给其他线程运行机会时不考虑线程的优先级，因此会给低优先级的线程以运行的机会；yield()方法只会给相同优先级或更高优先级的线程以运行的机会；</li> |
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<li>线程执行sleep()方法后转入阻塞（blocked）状态，而执行yield()方法后转入就绪（ready）状态；</li> |
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<li>sleep()方法声明抛出InterruptedException，而yield()方法没有声明任何异常；</li> |
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<li>sleep()方法比yield()方法（跟操作系统CPU调度相关）具有更好的可移植性。</li> |
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</ol> |
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<h3 id="sleep-和-wait-有的区别"><a href="#sleep-和-wait-有的区别" class="headerlink" title="sleep() 和 wait() 有的区别"></a>sleep() 和 wait() 有的区别</h3><ol> |
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<li>sleep是线程类（Thread）的方法，导致此线程暂停执行指定时间，把执行机会给其他线程，但是监控状态依然保持，到时后会自动恢复。调用sleep不会释放对象锁。</li> |
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<li>wait是Object类的方法，对此对象调用wait方法导致本线程放弃对象锁，进入等待此对象的等待锁定池，只有针对此对象发出notify方法（或notifyAll）后本线程才进入对象锁定池准备获得对象锁进入运行状态。</li> |
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</ol> |
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<h3 id="线程池"><a href="#线程池" class="headerlink" title="线程池"></a>线程池</h3><ol> |
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<li>定义</li> |
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</ol> |
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<p> 1）线程池顾名思义就是事先创建若干个可执行的线程放入一个池（容器）中，需要的时候从池中获取线程不用自行创建，使用完毕不需要销毁线程而是放回池中，从而减少创建和销毁线程对象的开销。</p> |
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<ol start="2"> |
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<li>优点</li> |
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</ol> |
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<p> 1）降低资源消耗。通过重复利用已创建的线程降低线程创建和销毁造成的消耗。</p> |
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<p> 2）提高响应速度。当任务到达时，任务可以不需要等到线程创建就能执行。</p> |
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<p> 3）提高线程的可管理性，线程是稀缺资源，如果无限制地创建，不仅会消耗系统资源，还会降低系统的稳定性，使用线程池可以进行统一分配、调优和监控。</p> |
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<ol start="3"> |
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<li>分类</li> |
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</ol> |
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<p> 1）<strong>newSingleThreadExecutor</strong>：创建一个单线程化的线程池，它只会用唯一的工作线程来执行任务，保证所有任务按照指定顺序(FIFO, LIFO, 优先级)执行。</p> |
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<p> 2）<strong>newFixedThreadPool</strong>：创建一个定长线程池，可控制线程最大并发数，超出的线程会在队列中等待。</p> |
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<p> 3）<strong>newScheduledThreadPool</strong>：创建一个可定期或者延时执行任务的定长线程池，支持定时及周期性任务执行。 </p> |
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<p> 4）<strong>newCachedThreadPool</strong>：创建一个可缓存线程池，如果线程池长度超过处理需要，可灵活回收空闲线程，若无可回收，则新建线程。 </p> |
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<ol start="4"> |
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<li>状态</li> |
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</ol> |
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<p> 1）<strong>Running</strong>：能接受新任务以及处理已添加的任务</p> |
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<p> 2）<strong>Shutdown</strong>：不接受新任务，可以处理已添加的任务</p> |
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<p> 3）<strong>Stop</strong>：不接受新任务，不处理已添加的任务，并且中断正在处理的任务</p> |
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<p> 4）<strong>Tidying</strong>：所有任务已终止，ctl记录为”任务数量”为0，ctl负责记录线程池的运行状态与活动线程数量</p> |
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<p> 5）<strong>Terminated</strong>：线程池彻底终止</p> |
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<ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">进程与线程的关系</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">线程的基本状态</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">线程创建方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">线程同步</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#volatile%E5%92%8Csynchronized%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">volatile和synchronized的区别</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#synchronized%E4%B8%8Elock%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%82%E5%90%8C"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">synchronized与lock的异同</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#sleep-%E5%92%8C-yield-%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">7.</span> <span class="toc-text">sleep() 和 yield() 的区别</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#sleep-%E5%92%8C-wait-%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="toc-number">8.</span> <span class="toc-text">sleep() 和 wait() 有的区别</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E6%B1%A0"><span class="toc-number">9.</span> <span class="toc-text">线程池</span></a></li></ol> |
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