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<meta name="description" content="注解的概念 注解（Annotation），也叫元数据（Metadata），是Java5的新特性，JDK5引入了Metadata很容易的就能够调用Annotations。注解与类、接口、枚举在同一个层次，并可以应用于包、类型、构造方法、方法、成员变量、参数、本地变量的声明中，用来对这些元素进行说明注释。 注解的语法与定义形式 以@interface关键字定义 注解包含成员，成员以无参数的方法的形式">
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<meta property="og:description" content="注解的概念 注解（Annotation），也叫元数据（Metadata），是Java5的新特性，JDK5引入了Metadata很容易的就能够调用Annotations。注解与类、接口、枚举在同一个层次，并可以应用于包、类型、构造方法、方法、成员变量、参数、本地变量的声明中，用来对这些元素进行说明注释。 注解的语法与定义形式 以@interface关键字定义 注解包含成员，成员以无参数的方法的形式">
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<h1 class="kratos-entry-title text-center">注解</h1>
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<i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> 2021-02-07
<i class="fa fa-folder"></i> 分类于 <a class="label-link" href="/categories/Java%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/">Java学习</a>
<i class="fa fa-user"></i> 作者 yongkj
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<ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%B3%A8%E8%A7%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">注解的概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%B3%A8%E8%A7%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">注解的语法与定义形式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%B3%A8%E8%A7%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">注解的分类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%83%E6%B3%A8%E8%A7%A3"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">元注解</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84API%E8%AF%BB%E5%8F%96%E6%B3%A8%E8%A7%A3"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">使用反射API读取注解</span></a></li></ol>
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<h3 id="注解的概念"><a href="#注解的概念" class="headerlink" title="注解的概念"></a>注解的概念</h3><ol>
<li>注解（Annotation），也叫元数据（Metadata），是Java5的新特性，JDK5引入了Metadata很容易的就能够调用Annotations。注解与类、接口、枚举在同一个层次，并可以应用于包、类型、构造方法、方法、成员变量、参数、本地变量的声明中，用来对这些元素进行说明注释。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="注解的语法与定义形式"><a href="#注解的语法与定义形式" class="headerlink" title="注解的语法与定义形式"></a>注解的语法与定义形式</h3><ol>
<li>以@interface关键字定义</li>
<li>注解包含成员，成员以无参数的方法的形式被声明。其方法名和返回值定义了该成员的名字和类型。</li>
<li>成员赋值是通过@Annotation(name=value)的形式。</li>
<li>注解需要标明注解的生命周期，注解的修饰目标等信息，这些信息是通过元注解实现。</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>以 <strong>java.lang.annotation</strong> 中定义的 <strong>Target</strong> 注解来说明：</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Retention(value = RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Target(value = &#123; ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE &#125; )</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="meta">@interface</span> Target &#123;</span><br><span class="line"> ElementType[] value();</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>源码分析如下：<br>第一：元注解@Retention，成员value的值为RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME。<br>第二：元注解@Target，成员value是个数组，用{}形式赋值，值为ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE<br>第三：成员名称为value，类型为ElementType[]<br>另外，需要注意一下，如果成员名称是value，在赋值过程中可以简写。如果成员类型为数组，但是只赋值一个元素，则也可以简写。如上面的简写形式为：</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="meta">@interface</span> Target &#123;</span><br><span class="line"> ElementType[] value();</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="注解的分类"><a href="#注解的分类" class="headerlink" title="注解的分类"></a>注解的分类</h3><blockquote>
<p>注解的分类有两种分法：</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>第一种分法</li>
</ol>
<p>​ 1）基本内置注解，是指Java自带的几个Annotation，如@Override、Deprecated、@SuppressWarnings等；</p>
<p>​ 2）元注解（meta-annotation），是指负责注解其他注解的注解，JDK 1.5及以后版本定义了4个标准的元注解类型，如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>@Target</li>
<li>@Retention</li>
<li>@Documented</li>
<li>@Inherited</li>
</ul>
<p>​ 3）自定义注解，根据需要可以自定义注解，自定义注解需要用到上面的meta-annotation</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>第二种分法，根据作用域分类</li>
</ol>
<p>​ 1）源码时注解（RetentionPolicy.SOURCE）<br>​ 2）编译时注解（RetentionPolicy.CLASS）<br>​ 3）运行时注解（RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME）</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注解需要标明注解的生命周期，这些信息是通过元注解 <strong>@Retention</strong> 实现，注解的值是 <strong>enum</strong> 类型的 <strong>RetentionPolicy</strong>，包括以下几种情况：</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="title">RetentionPolicy</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 注解只保留在源文件，当Java文件编译成class文件的时候，注解被遗弃.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 这意味着：Annotation仅存在于编译器处理期间，编译器处理完之后，该Annotation就没用了</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"> SOURCE,</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 注解被保留到class文件，但jvm加载class文件时候被遗弃，这是默认的生命周期.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"> CLASS,</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 注解不仅被保存到class文件中，jvm加载class文件之后，仍然存在，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 保存到class对象中，可以通过反射来获取</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"> RUNTIME</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="元注解"><a href="#元注解" class="headerlink" title="元注解"></a>元注解</h3><blockquote>
<p>如上所介绍的Java定义了4个标准的元注解：</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>@Documented：标记注解，用于描述其它类型的注解应该被作为被标注的程序成员的公共API，因此可以被例如javadoc此类的工具文档化。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Documented</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="meta">@interface</span> Documented &#123;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li>@Inherited：标记注解，允许子类继承父类的注解</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Documented</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="meta">@interface</span> Inherited &#123;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="3">
<li>@Retention：指Annotation被保留的时间长短，标明注解的生命周期，3种<strong>RetentionPolicy</strong>取值含义上面以说明</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Documented</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="meta">@interface</span> Retention &#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function">RetentionPolicy <span class="title">value</span><span class="params">()</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="4">
<li>@Target：标明注解的修饰目标，共有</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Documented</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="meta">@interface</span> Target &#123;</span><br><span class="line"> ElementType[] value();</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ElementType取值</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="title">ElementType</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/** 类、接口（包括注解类型）或枚举 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> TYPE,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/** field属性，也包括enum常量使用的注解 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> FIELD,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/** 方法 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> METHOD,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/** 参数 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PARAMETER,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/** 构造函数 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> CONSTRUCTOR,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/** 局部变量 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> LOCAL_VARIABLE,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/** 注解上使用的元注解 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> ANNOTATION_TYPE,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/** 包 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PACKAGE</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="使用反射API读取注解"><a href="#使用反射API读取注解" class="headerlink" title="使用反射API读取注解"></a>使用反射API读取注解</h3><ol>
<li>MyAnno自定义注解类</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Target(&#123;ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.FIELD&#125;)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="meta">@interface</span> MyAnno&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function">String <span class="title">value</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> &quot;猿同学&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function">String <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> &quot;猿同学&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">id</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> -1</span>;<span class="comment">//用户不存在</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">age</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> 18</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li>POJO类</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@MyAnno(&quot;java&quot;)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">User</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">@MyAnno(id=20)</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> id;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">@MyAnno(name=&quot;java&quot;)</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> String name;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">@MyAnno(age=20)</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> age;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title">User</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title">User</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> id, String name, <span class="keyword">int</span> age)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.id = id;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.name = name;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.age = age;</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">getId</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> id;</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setId</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> id)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.id = id;</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title">getName</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> name;</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setName</span><span class="params">(String name)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.name = name;</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">getAge</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> age;</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setAge</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> age)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.age = age;</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title">toString</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">&quot;User&#123;&quot;</span> +</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">&quot;id=&quot;</span> + id +</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">&quot;, name=&#x27;&quot;</span> + name + <span class="string">&#x27;\&#x27;&#x27;</span> +</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">&quot;, age=&quot;</span> + age +</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">&#x27;&#125;&#x27;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="3">
<li>利用反射读取注解</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">TestAnnoReflat</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> Exception </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> Class cls = Class.forName(<span class="string">&quot;com.sc.domain.User&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> MyAnno annotation = (MyAnno) cls.getDeclaredAnnotation(MyAnno.class);</span><br><span class="line"> System.out.println(annotation.value());</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> MyAnno name = cls.getDeclaredField(<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span>).getAnnotation(MyAnno.class);</span><br><span class="line"> System.out.println(name.name());</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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